Applied Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam

Metabolism can be defined as the ________.

sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
adjustment by an organism to external or
internal changes
process whereby all unspecialised cells
become specialised to perform distinct functions
process whereby new cells are formed to
replace worn-out cells

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true?

All classes of nutrients
are essential to human survival.
Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day.
Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins are micronutrients.
Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.

The body loses heat by ________.

sweat glands increase output
breathing becomes slow
and shallow
blood vessels in the skin
constricting
All of the above

The
most abundant elements in the foods and beverages you consume are oxygen,
carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Why might having these elements in consumables
be useful?

They make up more than 95 percent of the mass of the human body.
The human body cannot synthesise those elements.
Breathing only brings in a very small amount of Oxygen that the body can use compared to ingesting food.
All of the above.

Which
of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose
and oxygen are available to the cell?

Mitochondria
Nucleous
Ribosomes
Lysosomes

Which
of the following lines and protects the body from the outside environment?

Mucus
membrane
Endothelial
cells
Epithelial
cells
All of the above

________ connects bone to bone and ________ connects bone to muscle.

Ligaments, Tendons
Tendons, Ligaments
Ligaments, Osteocytes
Tendons, Osteocytes

Which of the following processes is not a fundamental
sign of inflammation?

Fever
Redness
Local heat
Swelling

In
general, skin cancers ________.

Can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun
Are easily treatable and
not a major health concern
Occur due to poor hygiene
Affect only the epidermis

Bedsores or pressure sores caused during
prolonged field care conditions ________.

are preventable by
eliminating pressure points
can be treated with topical
moisturizers
are caused by dry skin
can be ignored until the casualty is medevaced

In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight
is required for ________.

Vitamin D synthesis
Arteriole constriction
Folate production
Thermoregulation

After a skin injury, the body initiates a
wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a
blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response?

Increased production of
connective tissue
Increased production of
melanin by melanocytes
An increase in Pacinian
corpuscles around the wound
An increased activity in
the stratum lucidum

Without red marrow, bones
would not be able to ________.

Make blood cells
Move like levers
Store calcium
Store phosphate

Whilst giving your patient an intraosseous cannulation,
the needle goes through the ________ and ends in the ________, where the fluid
has room to be absorbed.

Periosteum, medullary
cavity
Epiphysis, spongy bone
Periosteum, endosteum
Epiphysis, periosteum

How can a fractured diaphysis release fat
globules into the bloodstream?

The yellow marrow in the
diaphysis is exposed and damaged.
The bone pierces fat stores
in the skin.
The injury triggers the
body to release fat from healthy bones.
The red marrow in the
fractured bone releases fat to heal the fracture.

In a compound fracture, ________.

Broken bone pierces the
skin
One fragment of broken bone
is compressed into the other
The broken bone does not
tear the skin
The break occurs at an
angle to the bone

Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small
intestine if ________ is lacking.

Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Calcitonin
Fluoride

The paranasal sinuses are ________.

Air-filled spaces found
within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only
Air-filled spaces found
within all bones of the skull
Not connected to the nasal
cavity
Divided at the midline by
the nasal septum

True ribs are ________.

Attached via their costal
cartilage directly to the sternum
Ribs 8–12
Attached via their costal cartilage to the
next higher rib
Made entirely of bone, and thus do not have
a costal cartilage

During suprapubic catheterisation, a 14g cannulation needle is placed just superiorly to the pubic symphysis. What is attached to the posterior side of this bone?

The bladder
The uterus
Small intestine
Rectus abdominus

During intraosseous cannulation of the leg, what bony prominence is the land mark for this procedure?

Tibial tuberosity
Patella
Medial malleolus
Lateral malleolus

Which element is important in directly
triggering contraction?

Calcium (Ca++)
Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Chloride (Cl )

Muscle fatigue is caused by ________.

Exhaustion of energy
reserves and buildup of lactic acid levels
Buildup of ATP and lactic
acid levels
Buildup of ATP and pyruvic
acid levels
Exhaustion of energy reserves and buildup
of pyruvic acid levels

A hypothetical drug blocks ATP production.
How will muscle cells respond to this drug?

By using glycogen as an energy source
By absorbing ATP from the bloodstream
By using ADP as an energy source
None of the above

Which functional division of the nervous
system would be responsible for the physiological changes seen during exercise
(e.g., increased heart rate and sweating)?

Autonomic
Somatic
Enteric
Central

What neurotransmitter is released at the
neuromuscular endplate?

Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine

What condition causes a stroke?

Disruption of blood to the brain
Infection of cerebral
spinal fluid
Lumbar puncture
Inflammation of meninges

What type of receptor cell is responsible
for pain stimuli?

Kinins binding to nociceptors
Kinins binding to osmoreceptors
Kinins binding to
mechanoreceptors
Kinins binding to photoreceptors

What type of reflex can protect the foot
when a painful stimulus is sensed?

Withdrawal reflex
Stretch reflex
Corneal reflex
Gag reflex

Which of these physiological changes would
NOT be considered part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response?

Increased stomach motility
Dilated pupils
Increased sweating
Increased heart rate

Endocrine glands ________.

Secrete chemical
messengers that travel in the bloodstream
Include sebaceous glands
and sweat glands
Release neurotransmitters
into the synaptic cleft
Secrete hormones that
travel through a duct to the target organs

Which of the following hormones contributes
to the regulation of the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance?

Antidiuretic hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Luteinizing hormone
All of the above

The first step in haemostasis is ________.

Vascular spasm
Conversion of fibrinogen to
fibrin
Activation of the intrinsic
pathway
Activation of the common
pathway

A patient has been suffering for 2 months
with a chronic, watery diarrhoea. A blood test is likely to reveal ________.

Polycythaemia
A haematocrit below 30 percent
Hypoxaemia
Anaemia

Which of the following lists the valves in
the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart?

Tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid,
aortic semilunar
Mitral, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid,
aortic semilunar
Aortic semilunar, pulmonary semilunar,
tricuspid, bicuspid
Bicuspid, aortic semilunar, tricuspid,
pulmonary semilunar

Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit?

Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

Which of the following best describes
veins?

Thin walled, large lumens, low pressure,
have valves
Thick walled, small lumens, low pressure,
lack valves
thin walled, small lumens, high pressure,
have valves
Thick walled, large lumens, high pressure,
lack valves

What is the reason that you have to be
immunized with a new influenza vaccine each year?

Mutation
The vaccine is only protective for one year
Memory response
Macrophage oxidative
metabolism

The ________ circulation picks up oxygen
for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body.

Respiratory
Pulmonary
Interlobular
Bronchial

Which of the following are structural
features of the trachea?

C-shaped cartilage
Smooth muscle fibres
Cilia
All of the above

What is the role of
alveolar macrophages?

To remove pathogens and
debris
To facilitate gas exchange
To secrete antimicrobial
proteins
To secrete pulmonary
surfactant

Which of the following prevents the alveoli
from collapsing?

Residual volume
Tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory reserve volume

Which part of the large intestine attaches
to the appendix?

Cecum
Ascending colon
Descending colon

In which part of the gastrointestinal tract does most of the digestion occur?

Proximal small intestine
Stomach
Ascending colon
Distal small intestine

Lipids in the diet can be ________.

Broken down into energy for
the body
Stored as triglycerides for
later use
Converted into acetyl CoA
All of the above

Fever increases the body temperature and can induce chills to help cool the temperature back down. What are other mechanisms in place to regulate the body temperature?

Shivering
Sweating
Erection of the hairs on the arms and legs
All of the above

The colour of urine is determined mainly by
________.

By-products of red blood
cell breakdown
Filtration efficiency
Filtration rate
Diet

The right kidney is slightly lower because
________.

It is displaced by the liver
It is displace by the heart
It is slightly smaller
It needs protection of the lower ribs

As Remote Paramedics, we aim for our
casualties to have urine production of at least 1 mL/kg/hr. Urine output of
less than 50mL/day is called ________.

Anuria
Normal
Polyuria
Oliguria

Most of the body’s calcium is found in
________.

Bone
Teeth
Plasma
Extracellular fluids

How soon after drinking a large glass of
water will a casualty start increasing their urine output?

30 minutes
1 hour
3 hours
5 minutes

What is the maximum amount of water a body can absorb that will not be excreted out of the urinary system?

1 litre per hour
500mL per hour
There is no limit
4 litres per hour

Electrolytes are lost
mostly through ________.

Renal funtion
Sweating
Respiration
Faeces

Which of the following is a cause of
metabolic acidosis?

Diarrhoea
Excessive HCl loss
Increased aldosterone
Prolonged use of diuretics

Which of the following is a cause of
respiratory acidosis?

Asthma attack
Low blood K+
Increased aldosterone
Increased blood ketones

Bicarbonate ion concentrations in the blood
are controlled through the ________.

Renal system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Metabolic rate of cells

What is NOT part of haemostasis during a catastrophic haemorrhage?

Vasodilation
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Thrombus formation

During the needle decompression procedure, why do we go above the rib with the 14g needle?

We miss the nerve, artery and vein bundle that is located below the rib
We miss the nerve, artery and vein bundle that is located behind the rib
We miss the nerve, artery and vein bundle that is located above the rib
The intercostal rib muscles are thinner above the rib

When a casualty sprains an ankle, the most common direction that the ankle will turn is_____________ and this injures the_____________

Inversion, ligaments
Eversion, ligaments
Inversion, tendons
Eversion, tendons

During rectal rehydration, where does most of the water get absorbed?

Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Ascending colon
Cecum

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